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--- plant_perception [2012-10-17 10:39] – nik
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 also includes "TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING ELECTRICAL SIGNALS IN PLANTS" for extracellular and intracellular measurement
+"surface measurements appear better suited as they are non-invasive and physically stable; they may also be performed simultaneously with other physiological methods such as gas exchange recordings (Fromm & Fei 1998). Such electrodes usually consist of Ag/AgCl wire, moistened with 0.1% (w/v) KCl in agar and wrapped in cotton to provide the appropriate contact with the plant surface (Fromm & Spanswick 1993), or of Ag/AgCl pelleted electrodes that can be connected to the plant surface by means of a conductive aqueous gel of the type commonly used in ECG (Mancuso 1999). At different positions of a plant surface, electrodes can be connected by screened cables to a high-input impedance electrometer with many channels. An identical electrode can either be placed on the distal region of a plant or in the soil to serve as a reference electrode (Fig. 1a). When all channels show stabilized potentials, the plant can be stimulated electrically at the apex (e.g. 3 V for 2 s) or by other stimuli (flaming, cold shock) applied to a leaf. Usually, the electrical responses to an apical stimulus can be shown by all electrodes, from top to bottom of the plant (Fig. 1a), indicating that the trans- mission of an electrical signal is occurring throughout the plant. For example, a similar experimental set-up has been used in sunflower to analyse the characteristics of APs and VPs (Stankovic et al. 1998)."